英語against的字義除有違反的意思外亦有以為標準

Yes, the word "against" can indeed mean both "in violation of" or "in opposition to" something, as well as "as a benchmark or standard." Here are examples of both uses:

1. Violation or Opposition:

   • "She spoke against the rules." (She spoke in opposition to the rules.)
   • "The team played against the best team in the league." (The team competed in opposition to the best team.)

2. As a Benchmark or Standard:

   • "The new product was tested against industry standards." (The new product was tested using industry standards as a benchmark.)
   • "The company's performance was measured against last year's results." (The company's performance was measured using last year's results as a standard for comparison.)

In the context of using "against" as a benchmark or standard, it is often used in phrases like "measured against," "compared against," or "tested against," indicating that something is being evaluated in relation to a specific criteria or previous performance.